ID：9406-6638
（翻译）很显然，要通过这些途径增加并引导代谢物质流向，在必要时，就必须除去这些限制。查看解析
ID：9406-6627
（翻译）Previously, enzymes were prepared mainly from animal organs and plant seeds. However, these sources of enzyme have their limits both in quantity and quality. Microbes, on the contrary, can be cultured at large scale by simple methods. Also, in this case, selective production of certain enzyme in large quantities is possible by adjusting the conditions of culture. Further, microbes have marked adaptability, and mutant species can be induced artificially. Thanks to these advantageous properties, enzymes which cannot be produced from animals and plants can be obtained from microbes.查看解析
ID：9406-6636
（翻译）Controls over the enzymes of different pathways allow cells to direct the flow of nutrients, building materials, waste products, hormones, and so on in suitable ways. When you eat too much sugar, enzymes in your liver cells act on the excess, converting it first to glucose and then to glycogen or fat. When your body uses up glucose and needs more, enzymes break down glycogen to release its glucose subunits. In this case, a hormone called glucagon(胰高血糖素) acts as a control over enzyme activity. It stimulates the key enzyme in the pathway by which glycogen is degraded, and it inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes glycogen formation.查看解析
ID：9406-6641
（翻译）发酵以逐渐减慢的速度继续进行，到50 h，培养基中96%的糖分被消耗完，最终乙醇浓度达70 g/L .查看解析
ID：9406-6823
（翻译）载体是一个复制子，其基因可保留在寄主细胞内，载体包括质粒和寄主于细菌的噬菌体。质粒载体应含有一些单一的普通限制性内切酶的切点，还要有一段抗生素抗性的决定子，以便于选择转化子。切断载体所用的酶与切断染色体DNA的内切酶相同，得到的DNA片段与线状的载体在有DNA连接酶存在的情况下混合培养，产生共价连接的DNA分子，结果，混合物中可得到多种多样的DNA分子。这包括二聚体、三聚体和多聚体DNA片段以及重新环化的质粒。其中有些质粒会插入一段目标DNA片段，这样就得到了杂合的质粒，即重组质粒。
Notes:
噬菌体 phage 限制性内切酶 restriction endonuclease
抗生素抗性 antibiotic resistance 决定子 determinant
共价的 covalently 二聚体 dimers
三聚体 trimers 多聚体 multimers
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