Chinese institutions of higher learning have quickened their pace of reform in recent years. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees constitute and important part of the reform. Schools which once admitted students almost exclusively according to state plans are becoming more accepting of students sent by work groups for further training and those who pay their own fees. Regular universities and colleges plan to enroll about 786 200 students this year, up 158 200 or 25 percent over last year’s figure. Of these, 216 000, or 27.4 percent, will be sent by their work groups or will pay their own way. In the past, the state paid all tuition and school fees for university students, a matter of policy since New China was established in 1949. Although this practice guaranteed the supply of qualified personnel, it brought a heavy burden to the sate, hindering further development of higher education. Since higher education is non—compulsory education in China, to charge appropriate fees will help improve school facilities and expedite the development of education in this stage. As an added benefit, paying their own way will encourage students to study harder. The reform will take effect in two directions. State—financed students will begin paying part of the costs of their education, and more self—paying students will be accepted. In August 1989, under the direction of the State council, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Sate Price Bureau drew up stipulations concerning the amount of charges on tuition, accommodation and other expenses for students of institutions of higher learning. Beginning from that year, freshmen at regular universities and colleges and professional schools (including cadres taking special training courses and students working on a second degree) were charged 100 yuan (about us $17) each for their tuition fee, and this low charge is expected to be raised gradually. The figure was higher in special economic zones and economically developed regions such as Guangdong Province and Shanghai, but was capped at 300 yuan. Students living on campus paid about 20 yuan per year for accommodation and the charge was slightly higher for better furnishing. Normal school students and those admitted on scholarships need only pay for accommodation. Reduced tuitions and fees are available to students in need of financial assistance, but accommodation expenses will remain the same. In June 1992, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau decided to allow regular institutions of higher education to set their own tuition rates and charges for accommodation, short—term training programs, correspondence courses and night school. These should be determined according to the needs of each school, the abilities of students to pay and general conditions in each area. The tuition for students in the sciences and engineering can range from 300 to 500 yuan per academic year. Liberal arts, history and economics students of the fine arts pay 400 to 600 yuan per year, and students of the fine arts 400 to 750 yuan. Statistics for 1992 show students paid an average of 340 yuan in tuition that year, only 5 percent of the real cost. Measures have been taken to limit the possible detrimental affects of rising tuition. Shanghai, for instance, exempts the children of revolutionary martyrs from paying tuition. And these costs may be reduced or waived for students with limited family financial support as their parents are either both dead or are receiving subsidies from their work units. Some colleges have also set up work—study programs to benefit students with financial difficulties Guidelines concerning self—paying students were first set out in 1989. The State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau stipulated that these students should pay 80 percent of the cost of their education. Such students who live on campus pay the standard rate for accommodation and must cover their own medical expenses. The charge for each self—paying student averaged 2 000 yuan of the cost in 1992, or 30 percent of the cost. Charges for undergraduates and students of special colleges whose education is sponsored by work units, with payment coming either in part or in full from their units, are somewhat higher. Self—paying students are not assigned jobs by the state after graduation, whereas students sent by their units will return to them after graduating. Charges for correspondence courses and night school are equal to or slightly higher than those for full-time students enrolled according to the state plan. With their improvement of their living standards and the deepening of reform, people in general accept the changes in the tuition system. To facilitate the development of higher education, the increases in tuition rates will be more flexible and diversified. Student payments will be augmented by finding from the state, enterprises and funds raised from the public. Laws and regulations will by enacted to ensure steady progress, and overseas organizations and individuals are encouraged to set up and operate schools in China. --21st Century, Apr.20, 1992
Since New China was established, all tuition and school fees for university students ____ A.Were paid by their work groups B.Were paid by the students themselves C.Were paid by the state D.Were paid by the local government
ID：9582-11672 With the phrase “on fire” in Line 4 from the bottom, the author probably means ________. A. Someone has set fire to India B. India is burning with passion C. India has become violently angry D. The man at the top is angry with the dotcom Wallach
ID：9582-11659 For some of the Harvard grads, China is still too underdeveloped, especially in the financial sector, to lure them back. “There’s a lot of thunder, but not much rain,” says Peter Chen, a debt specialist with GE Capital in Tokyo. But for others, it is simply that family comes first. Huang Jingsheng, who at 43 is the oldest of the group, is worried about subjecting his wife and two young boys to Beijing’s pollution. For the time being, Huang is living in clear-aired Sacramento, California, where he works as a venture capitalist for Intel Capital, handling occasional China deals. “There are different ways of helping China,” he says. “My classmates have found one way. I’m still figuring out how to do the same thing—and making the right choice for my family.” “A debt specialist” (Line 3) is __________.
ID：9582-11686 For G-20, a struggle over growth and debt By Howard Schneider Washington Post Staff Writer Sunday, June 27, 2010 TORONTO -- The world’s developed countries have built extensive public health systems, promised citizens a paycheck for life and erected a welter (i.e. disordered mixture) of protections around some industries and types of jobs. Now their leaders are conferring over a singular dilemma: how to take some of it back without undermining the economies they are trying to sustain. In economic terms, it is a bit like creating a perpetual motion machine -- cutting tens of billions of dollars in public spending would almost certainly slow growth but is considered necessary to tame record levels of government debt. And in a series of recent reports, the International Monetary Fund has suggested that it might be just as tricky to demand unheard-of levels of coordination among the world’s major economies and require politicians to sustain what might prove to be a painful reform process for several years. An IMF report to the Group of 20 major economies “has to go through a lot of contortions (i.e. adaptations or improvements)” to show that developed world debt can be brought down without undermining growth, said Eswar Prasad, a senior economist at the Brookings Institution and former IMF economist, who has reviewed the document. “They have been tweaking (i.e. to adapt sth.) their methods -- the message is that you need to have fiscal cut, but if you do it the right way you won’t have negative growth effects The needed changes range from an overhaul of financial regulations to a retooling of world trade, topics U.S. officials mentioned at the start of the talks this weekend. President Obama pledged to pursue passage of a U.S.-South Korea free trade agreement by fall in hopes of boosting American exports, while Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner said the pending approval of a U.S. financial overhaul package should be complemented by strong actions by other countries on issues such as the rules for bank capitalization. The G-20 -- industrialized countries and major emerging powers that include China and India -- meets Sunday amid debate about the risks that public debt in the developed world poses to the global recovery and how to respond to it without creating another set of problems. Heading into the session, even some of the group’s closest allies seemed divided. “This summit must be fundamentally about growth,” Geithner said on arriving in Canada, just hours after Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper emphasized the “strong consensus on the need for medium-term consolidation plans in advanced countries” -- in other words budget cutting. Can the two be resolved? The IMF has published a “Ten Commandments for Fiscal Adjustment in Advanced Economies” that includes a warning from its top economists to “obey these . . . and chances are high that you will achieve fiscal consolidation and sustained growth.” The document acknowledges that the level of budget cutting being planned by the developed world is risky given the weakness in the world economy. Deep cuts are underway in Greece and Spain, and have been proposed in Britain and recommended for the United States and others to begin by next year. But the document also contends that a commitment to more-balanced public spending will stabilize bond markets, bring down interest rates as governments borrow less, and encourage more private investment -- all “growth-friendly” results that will help offset any reduction in government budgets. In addition, the agency says that for the process to work, budget cutting must be accompanied by a broad set of other reforms that would improve economic performance. Public retirement and health programs are singled out: “You shall pass early pension and health care reforms as current trends are unsustainable” is commandment No. 5. Much of the projected increase in future public spending in developed countries is related to the aging of their populations, and changes such as an increase in the retirement age improve future balance sheets without cutting current spending. Labor markets need to be overhauled to make it easier for people to find and change jobs or enter new markets; in recent reports on Greece and France, the agency singled out rules that protect retailers, pharmacists and others from competition. Product markets need to be deregulated. Taxes almost certainly need to increase. And on top of all that, the world’s wealthiest nations will still need some help from emerging markets such as China that have benefited from large trade surpluses in recent years and tucked trillions of dollars of currency reserves into the vaults of their central banks. The emerging markets need to boost their own spending and shift to “internal demand” for future growth, and rely less on spending from developed nations, the IMF said. Synchronizing those efforts on a global scale will be a task in itself. The G-20 asked the IMF to begin the process by collecting economic projections and policy plans from its members, and vetting (i.e.. monitor) them to see how they complement -- or conflict with -- each other, and square with (i.e. match) the IMF’s own forecasts. According to officials who reviewed the IMF’s report, the developed countries appeared too optimistic in their expectations for growth and the recovery of the private sector and too timid in the political decisions being planned to restructure their economies. That, according to one Canadian official, will be a centerpiece of the weekend’s discussions. “Each country is coming in saying here is what we are going to do,” said the official, who is familiar with the talks but is not authorized to speak publicly. The IMF estimates that properly coordinated policies could add about $4 trillion and 30 million jobs to the world economy in coming years, and “we don’t want to leave $4 trillion on the table,” the official said.
ID：9582-11681（本题为引用材料试题，请根据材料回答以下问题） What type of writing can this passage be classified into? A. Brief news. B. Brief commentary. C. Editorial. D. Feature
